A slide show is a display of a series of chosen information, and/or pictures, which is done for artistic or instructional purposes. Slide shows are conducted by a presenter using an apparatus, such as a carousel slide projector, an overhead projector or in more recent years, a computer running presentation software. The term "slide" originates from the use of slides which have been around for many years. Slides originally were projected on a screen, for example in a theater by magic lanterns, a practice that later evolved into moving picture shows. Even after the advent of motion pictures, slides continued to be employed for a time between showings of the films, especially to advertise local businesses or maintain theater decorum -- for example by requesting that gentlemen remove their hats and refrain from smoking, and urging mothers to remove crying infants from the auditorium.

The earliest slides were pieces of glass carrying photographic images, and later, pieces of photographic film sealed between two thin sheets of glass. Projectors had a frame mechanism which accommodated two of the sealed photos and was moved from left to right to left, bringing one slide between the lens and the light source, while a "next" photograph was inserted into the frame, alternately from the left or right side of the projector. The image medium itself came to be called a "slide." The black-and-white images were sometimes hand-tinted. With the widespread availability of color film in the 1940's the large, cumbersome and fragile glass slides were replaced by individual pieces of 35 mm color film bonded between two thin 2-by-2-inch cardboard frames. The Kodak Carousel projector accommodates some 80 of these frames in a doughnut-shaped slotted plastic container and has a motorized mechanism to drop and retrieve each slide sequentially on an electronic command of a "remote" button device held by the projectionist as the circular carrier advances above the lamp and lens of the machine.

A well organized slide show allows a presenter to fit visual images to an oral presentation. The old adage "A picture is worth a thousand words" holds true, in that a single image can save a presenter from speaking a paragraph of descriptive details. As with any public speaking or lecturing, a certain amount of talent, experience, and rehearsal is required to make a successful slide show presentation.

Presentation software is most commonly used for instructional purposes, usually with the intention of creating a dynamic, audiovisual presentation. The relevant points to the entire presentation are put on slides, and accompany a spoken monologue.

Slide shows have artistic uses as well, such as being used as a screensaver, or to provide dynamic imagery for a museum presentation, for example, or in installation art. David Byrne, among others, has created ''PowerPoint'' art.

Slide show in art

Since the late 1960’s visual artists in museums and galleries have used slide shows as a device, either for presenting specific information about an action or research or as a phenomenological form in itself. According to the introduction of [Slide show] -an exhibition organized at the Baltimore Museum of Art- “Through the simple technology of the slide projector and 35 mm color transparency, artists discovered a tool that enabled the transformation of space through the magnification of projected pictures, texts, and images”. Although some have not necessarily used 35mm or color slides, and some have even exchanged images for texts (Robert Barry) the color slides are the most commonly used and they could be sometimes accompanied with written text, either on the slides or as an intertitle. Some artists have also used a voice-over on the slide presentation (James Coleman, Robert Smithson). Slideshows have since also used by artist that use other mediums as painting and sculpture to present their work publicly. During the last few years there is a growing usage of the concept by a younger generation of artists. Non-profit organization Slideluck Potshow holds slideshow events globally featuring works by amateur and professional artists, photographers, and gallerists. Participants in the event bring food, potluck-style, to have a social dinner before the slide show begins.

Some of the known artists that have used slide shows in their work are: Bas Jan Ader, Francis Alys, Robert Barry, James Coleman, Jan Dibbets, Dan Graham, Rodney Graham, Nan Goldin, Louise Lawler, Ana Mendieta, Jonathan Monk, Dennis Oppenheim, Allan Sekula, Robert Smithson, Carey Young, Krzysztof Wodiczko, Muhammed Ali.

Digital slide shows

Digital photo slide shows can be custom made for customers, using their photos, music, wedding invitations, birth announcements, or virtually any other scannable documents. Some producers call the resulting DVDs the new photo montage. Slide shows can be created not only in DVD, but also in HD video format and executable file for PC as for example, in such professional slide show software as Animoto, PicturesToExe, Photodex ProShow, Photo MovieTheater and Windows Movie Maker. Photo slideshow software has made it easier to create photo slideshows, eliminating the need for expensive color reversal film, instead requiring only a digital camera and computer.

Photo slide show software often have more features than simply showing the pictures. It is possible to add transitions, pan and zoom effects, video clips, background music, narrations, captions, etc. By using computer software one therefore has the ability to enhance pictures in a way that isn't otherwise possible. The finished slide show can then be burned to a DVD, for example as a gift or for preservation, and later viewed using a DVD player.

See also

Web-based slideshow

Death by PowerPoint

Photo slideshow software

Presentation software

Diaporama

External links

PC World Photo Slideshow Software Reviews

Category:Photography Category:Presentation

gl:Programa de presentacións ru:Слайд-шоу simple:Slideshow

{{infobox broadcast | call letters

KING-TV| city | station_logo 220px||KING5 HD logo| station_slogan The Home TeamCoverage You Can Count On| station_branding KING 5| former_channel_numbers Analog:5 (VHF, 1948-2009)| digital 48 (UHF)Virtual: 5 (PSIP)| other_chs 13 K13ER Cashmere/Leavenworth57 K57AI Neah Bay

affiliations

NBC| network | founded | subchannels (see article)| airdate November 25, 1948| location Seattle, Washington| callsign_meaning King County| former_callsigns KRSC-TV (1948-1949)| owner Belo Corporation| licensee King Broadcasting Company| sister_stations KONG-TV| former_affiliations Primary:CBS (1948-1953)ABC (1953-1959)Secondary:NBC/ABC/DuMont (1948-1953)| effective_radiated_power 960 kW| HAAT 239 m| class | facility_id 34847| coordinates | homepage www.king5.com| }}

KING-TV, channel 5, is a television station in Seattle, Washington, USA. It is affiliated with the NBC network and broadcasts on digital ultra high frequency (UHF) channel 48. Its offices and broadcasting center are located just east of Seattle Center. The station's transmitter is located in the Queen Anne neighborhood of Seattle. It shares television programming with its sister station KONG-TV, an independent station. Such programming includes local news and some syndicated programming. The chief newscasters for "KING 5 News" are Jean Enersen and Dennis Bounds.

History

The early years

When Channel 5 first came on the air as KRSC-TV on November 25, 1948, it became the first television station in the Pacific Northwest. The first broadcast was a live remote of a Thanksgiving Day high school football game and was plagued with technical difficulties, but local viewers reported being impressed nonetheless. After eight months on the air under the ownership of P.K. Lieberman's Radio Sales Corporation, Channel 5 was purchased by Seattle native Dorothy Bullitt's King Broadcasting Company, owners of KING radio (AM 1090, now KPTK; and FM 98.1). The station became KING-TV to match its radio sisters (Bullitt purchased the KING call letters while on a fishing boat). For many years, the stations' logo was King Mike, an anthropomorphized microphone in ermine robes and a crown, drawn by Walt Disney. Sister stations KGW-AM-FM-TV in Portland, Oregon used a similar logo, called Pioneer Mike.

The KRSC-TV call sign now resides on an independent educational station in Claremore, Oklahoma.

Channel 5 was a primary CBS affiliate, carrying secondary affiliations with NBC, ABC and (until 1956) DuMont Television Network. Once the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)-imposed freeze on TV licenses was rescinded in the early 1950s, KING-TV lost its monopoly on the Seattle TV market. It lost CBS to KTNT-TV (now KSTW-TV, KIRO-TV picked up CBS in 1958) and NBC decamped first to KMO-TV (now KCPQ-TV) and then a few months later to KOMO-TV in 1953, leaving KING with the poorly performing ABC. Bullitt lobbied NBC for affiliation and in 1959 NBC pulled its affiliation from KING's cross-town rival KOMO and granted it to KING.

From the beginning KING was deeply committed to the Seattle area. Bulitt believed that a television station should serve the local public while remaining commercially viable. KING set up one of the first local news departments in the country and quickly gained national attention for its high quality and thorough approach. In 1952, KING kept Senator Joseph McCarthy from delivering a potentially libelous attack on the air. McCarthy threatened to have the station's license pulled citing undue bias (the Bulitts were staunch Democrats) but was forced to back down. Reporters such as Charles Herring, Ted Bryant, Mike James, Bob Faw and Seattle's first female news anchor, Jean Enersen, set high standards for television journalism in Seattle. KING-TV continues to be the leading station in the area.

After Alaska was hit by a major earthquake in March 1964, KING-TV worked with NBC News to get the footage of the quake's aftermath broadcast on the network. This was prior to the launch of a trans-Pacific television broadcast satellite and footage from Anchorage was flown to Seattle and driven to KING to be fed into the NBC network. NBC was the first network to show footage of the quake's aftermath preceding ABC and CBS by several hours.

In 1961, Dorothy Bullitt's son Stimson Bullitt became president of the King Broadcasting Company, while his mother remained chairwoman of the board. In 1966, he took the almost-unprecedented step of airing an anti-Vietnam war editorial, angering the Johnson Administration. Stimson also expanded the company to include ''Seattle Magazine'' and a variety of other businesses, much to the dismay of his mother, who felt he was losing focus on the family's broadcast properties. Investigative reporter Don McGaffin gave significant coverage to growing racial tensions in the city as well as corruption in the Seattle Police Department.

1970s and 1980s

Dissatisfied with Stimson Bullitt's management style, Dorothy Bullitt, and Mr. Bullitt's sisters, arranged for his voluntary resignation from King Broadcasting in 1972. Stimson sold his company shares to his sisters, Harriet and Patsy. He then received control of the family's real estate interests. Ancil Payne, who had served as general manager of the company's Portland stations since 1965, became president and CEO.

By the 1970s and 1980s, KING-TV was the flagship of a growing regional media empire which at various times included ventures in publishing, the film industry, cable television and even various timber assets in the Far East.

KING-TV was a pioneer of diversity in the newsroom. In 1972, KING-TV broke new ground by appointing Jean Enersen as an evening news anchor. According to the Washington Post, Enersen was the first permanent female evening news anchor in the country and is considered to be the longest-running female local evening news anchor. Additionally, KING-TV appointed Seattle's first African-American evening news anchor, John Raye, who co-anchored with Enersen for several years in the mid-1970s.

During this time the KING-TV news department also groomed several network news reporters, including CNN's Aaron Brown and Lou Dobbs, CBS Early Show contributor Hattie Kauffman and NBC correspondent James Hattori. Future meteorologist and author Jeff Renner joined KING-TV in 1977.

Also during this era, KING's staff of photojournalists were among the best in the nation. The National Press Photographers Association named KING the ''Television News Photography Station of the Year'' for 1979, 1981 and 1982.

KING was a pioneer new types of newscasts. In 1979, KING programmed the first early morning newscast in Western Washington at 6:30am with Don Madsen (news anchor) and Larry Schick (weather). Don Madsen was known for coming in at 11:30 PM and working all night to prepare for his early morning newscast. The "KING 5 Morning News" became very popular with Western Washington viewers as well as viewers throughout British Columbia. In 1984, KING pioneered "Top Story" at 6:30 PM with Mike James and Lori Matsukawa. Top Story, was a local version of Nightline focusing primarily on the top news story of the day with in-depth reporting and interviews. Despite efforts to produce a high-quality newscast, Top Story never became popular and was canceled in 1988.

Locally produced programming included: Seattle Today, a midmorning talk show hosted by Cliff Lenz amd Shirley Hudson and later by Susan Michaels and Colby Chester; Seattle Tonight, Tonite!, hosted by Ross McGowan and later Dick Klinger; Almost Live!, a Saturday night talk and sketch-comedy program originally starring Ross Shafer; and a local Evening Magazine franchise, first hosted by Penny LeGate and Brian Tracey. Of these only Evening Magazine exists today. ''How Come?'', a half-hour early Sunday evening family television program hosted by Al Wallace, won several awards during its run during the 1970s and early 1980s. The show covered topics on how things were made or done in the world. Dick Klinger hosted the show after Al Wallace died.

KING-TV and its sister stations in Spokane, Boise, and Portland formed the KING Northwest Network. They often shared news reports during and jointly covered significant stories such as the eruption of Mt. St. Helens in 1980. The mid-morning talk show, Seattle Today, was re-named Northwest Today and expanded to 90 minutes. While the majority of the show was produced in Seattle, each member station had a local host who would provide short local segments.

King Broadcasting stations included KGW radio and television in Portland, KREM-TV Spokane, KTVB-TV Boise, KHNL-TV and KFVE-TV Honolulu and KYA/KOIT radio San Francisco.

Long-time station-owner Dorothy Bullitt died in June 1989.

1990s

Dorothy Bullitt's daughters Harriet Bullitt and Priscilla "Patsy" Bullitt Collins decided to sell the King assets in 1992—eventually selling King Broadcasting (including KING, KREM, KGW, KTVB, KHNL/KFVE and the cable system assets) to the Providence Journal (ProJo) Company. KING-TV and other King Broadcasting stations later became Belo properties as a result of a merger with ProJo in 1997. (KHNL/KFVE was later sold to Raycom in 1999.)

Bonneville International Corporation purchased KING-AM in 1994 and changed the station's call letters to KINF (later KNWX) and switched to an all-news format. KNWX switched frequencies with KRPM 770 a year later, transferring ownership of the 1090 frequency allocation to EZ Communications, Inc. Since late 2004, CBS Radio-owned KPTK 1090 is home of Air America Radio.

KING-FM was donated to a non-profit partnership of the Seattle Symphony, the Seattle Opera, and ArtsFund. It continues the classical music format started by Dorothy Bullitt and is one of the few remaining commercial classical radio stations in the nation today. The station is scheduled to become a non-commercial public radio station by July 2011.

The 1990s saw the end of Almost Live!. During this decade, the show launched the career of Bill Nye the Science Guy, Joel McHale (of ''The Soup'' fame) and locally, Pat Cashman and John Keister (who replaced Ross Shafer as host).

King 5 was also the home for Watch This!, KING 5's EMMY award winning fast-paced show for teens and children. The show lasted 5 years and was hosted by local anchors, Jim Dever and Mimi Gan.

On December 18, 1995, King Broadcasting launched Northwest Cable News, a 24-hour regional cable news operation available to cable television viewers primarily in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho with lesser viewership in Alaska, Montana and California. In the Seattle area NWCN is located on Comcast Channel 2 or WAVE Broadband Channel 54.

King Mike, the original logo, was brought back for KING's 50th anniversary in 1998 and still appears in promotional announcements.

In 1999, to compete against KOMO, KING began providing high definition (HD) newscasts. At the time it only had one studio camera that was HD. In April 2007 KING upgraded all of its studio cameras, graphics, and weather system to HD. Field reports are still standard-definition (480i converted to 1080i HD for air) but are taped in a 16x9 aspect ratio, giving the appearance of high-definition. According to KING, it is "Seattle's First HD Newscast".

Present day

Belo also operates KONG-TV, an independent station featuring some news programming (provided by KING) and syndicated shows. KONG is available on UHF channel 16, but on most Seattle cable systems is given the Channel 6 channel slot to compliment KING-TV. The station also carries Universal Sports over their 5.2 digital subchannel, which also receives digital cable carriage.

Currently, syndicated TV shows seen on this station include ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show'', ''Dr. Phil'', ''The Oprah Winfrey Show'' and ''Inside Edition''.

KING opted not to carry NBC's telecasts of the 2006 Stanley Cup Finals, the 2007 Stanley Cup Finals, and the 2008 Stanley Cup Finals when the games began at 5 p.m. Pacific time and CBC telecasts were available to most regional cable subscribers via CBUT in Vancouver. KING chose instead to air its regular lineup of newscasts and syndicated shows. KONG picked up the NBC telecasts of the games. For the 2007 and 2008 Stanley Cup Finals, however, KING aired NBC's Saturday night telecasts of the Stanley Cup Final while KONG aired the other NBC Stanley Cup Final telecasts. As for the 2009 Stanley Cup Finals, KING aired games 1, 2 and 5 while KONG aired games 6 and 7.

For most of the last quarter-century, KING has waged a spirited battle for first place in the Seattle news race with KOMO. However, for the past couple of years, KING has been in first place in virtually every local newscast. Some of its newscasts rank higher than all the other newscasts combined.

It is one of five local Seattle TV stations seen in Canada on the Bell TV and Shaw Direct satellite providers.

KING is carried on several cable systems in south-eastern Alaska and Northwestern Oregon.

In 2008, chief newscaster Jean Enersen celebrated her 40th year at KING (36 of those years as primary evening anchor—the longest serving female evening anchor in the country) with a 1-hour special which aired August 1. Recently, she stated in the Seattle Times that she has no plans to retire anytime soon.

The station also has the distinction of having the longest-serving numeric logo in the Seattle market- the 'K5' logo with three dots over the "K" (representing a crown, like a king's crown, hence the call letters) having been in use since 1977, with the current italicized version first used in 1998 (during the 1980s, the "5" in the K5 was also seen by itself at times). The "K" part of the logo also served as King Broadcasting's corporate logo.

KING is the official home of Seattle Seahawks preseason games, except those on national television, unless they are on NBC, in which case KING will carry the game, but will not produce it, deferring the duties to the network.

News team

Current on-air staff

Anchors

Jean Enersen - Weeknights 5 p.m. & 6:30 p.m. & HealthLink reporter

Dennis Bounds - Weeknights 5 p.m., 6:30 p.m., 10 p.m. (on KONG (TV)) & 11 p.m.

Lori Matsukawa - Weeknights 10 p.m. (on KONG (TV)) & 11 p.m.

Joyce Taylor - Weekday mornings 4:30-7 a.m. & 7-9 a.m. (on KONG (TV))

Greg Copeland - Weekdays at Noon & Reporter, Weekday mornings fill-in

Mark Wright - Weekday mornings 4:30-7 a.m. & 7-9 a.m. (on KONG (TV)) - starting 9/5

Mimi Jung - Weekdays at Noon & Reporter

Meg Coyle - Weekend mornings & reporter

Allen Schauffler - Weekend evenings 5 p.m., 6:30 p.m., 10 p.m. (on KONG (TV)) & 11 p.m.

Robert Mak - Upfront Anchor (weekly public affairs show)

Margaret Larson - New Day Northwest Monday through Friday 11am-12pm

First Alert Weather

Jeff Renner (AMS Seal of Approval) - Chief Meteorologist - Weeknights 5, 6:30, 10 p.m. (on KONG (TV)) & 11 p.m.

Jim Guy (AMS Seal of Approval) - Weekend evenings

Rich Marriott (AMS Seal of Approval) - Weekdays 4:30-7 a.m., 7-9 a.m. (on KONG (TV)) & 12 p.m.

Lisa Van Cise - Weekend mornings

Keisha Burns - Fill-in & NWCN

Rick Van Cise - Freelance Weather

Sports

Paul Silvi - Weeknights 5, 6:30, 10 p.m. (on KONG (TV)) & 11 p.m., Sports Director

Andrea Nakano- Weekends 5, 6:30, 10 p.m. (on KONG (TV)) & 11 p.m./Sports reporter

Chris Egan - Sports reporter/anchor

Reporters

Linda Brill - General assignment reporter

Linda Byron - Investigative reporter

Gary Chittim - General assignment reporter & ecological specialist

Chris Daniels - General assignment reporter

Glenn Farley - Aviation specialist & general assignment reporter

Jim Forman - General assignment reporter

Susannah Frame - Investigative reporter

Joe Fryer - General assignment reporter

Elisa Hahn - General assignment reporter

Chris Ingalls - General assignment reporter

Jesse Jones - Consumer reporter

Owen Lei - General assignment reporter

Robert Mak - Political reporter

Drew Mikkelsen - South bureau chief & South bureau reporter

Tonya Mosley - General assignment reporter

Rob Piercy - Fill-in Anchor, primary evening anchor for NWCN (husband of co-reporter Kim Holcomb)

Roberta Romero - General assignment reporter

Natasha Ryan - General assignment reporter

Natalie Swaby - General assignment reporter

Tracy Taylor - Morning traffic reporter

Eric Wilkinson - General assignment reporter

Jake Whittenberg - Bureau Chief reporter

Teresa Yuan - General assignment reporter

Evening Magazine

Mark Erskine - Executive Producer

Meeghan Black - Host

Saint Bryan - Reporter

Josephine Cheng - Reporter

Jim Dever - Reporter

Kim Griffis - Reporter

Michael King - Reporter

Kim Holcomb - Reporter (wife of KING 5 reporter Rob Piercy)

Joan Kinsey - Producer

Eric Riddle - Producer

Michele Troxel - Show Producer

Notable past on-air staff

Aaron Brown: Was at KIRO-TV, ABC News, and CNN. Now anchoring at PBS & teaching at Walter Cronkite School of Journalism.

Jerry Burling, On-air booth announcer, Winner, National Emmy Award (1960–1972)

Jim Compton: Also hosted "The Compton Report" (1985–1999)

Lou Dobbs: Anchor

David Kerley: Was at KIRO-TV. Currently at ABC News

Mark Mullen: Was at NBC News and ABC News. Currently at KNSD, San Diego

Shannon O'Donnell: Weather (1996–2000 and 2007–2009), now weekend weather anchor at KOMO-TV

Greg Palmer: Reporter (deceased)

Don Poier: Radio Voice of Vancouver/Memphis Grizzlies (Deceased)

Drew Soicher: Sports anchor. Now at KUSA-TV, Denver

News/station presentation

Newscast titles

''KING-TV News'' (1950s)

''KING-TV Night Report'' (1960s)

''KING News Final'' (1960s)

''KING News'' (1960s-1971)

''KING Newservice'' (1971-1978?)

''NewsCenter 5'' (used briefly in the mid-80's)

''KING 5 News'' (1978?-present)

Station slogans

''First in the Great Northwest'' (1950s and 1960s)

''News Headquarters for the Great Northwest'' (1970s)

''The Home Team'' (1987–present; general slogan)

''All the News for Western Washington'' (1990–1999)

''Coverage You Can Count On'' (1999–present; news slogan)

''Community, Context, Commitment.'' (2001–2007; secondary slogan)

Digital television and high definition

KING 5 started broadcasting its local news and public affairs programming in HD on April 16, 2007.

On April 16, 2007, KING 5 also started using the tagline "KING 5 HD" when referring to the channel.

Digital channels
Channel	! Programming
5.1	KING-DT
5.2	Universal Sports

KING-TV began transmitting its scheduled programming in digital only on June 12, 2009 as mandated by the FCC. However KING-TV has continued its analog signal as part of the FCC's "Nightlight" program, running a DTV transition guide for two more weeks.

After the analog television shutdown, KING-DT remained on channel 48 using PSIP to display KING-TV's virtual channels as 5 on digital television receivers.

References

''Dorothy Stimson Bullitt: An Uncommon Life'' by Delphine Haley, from Sasquatch Press; ISBN 1-57061-327-3

''King: The Bullitts of Seattle and Their Communications Empire'' by O. Casey Corr, from University of Washington Press; ISBN 0-295-97584-9

''On the Air: The King Broadcasting Story'' by Daniel Jack Chasan, from Island Publishers; ISBN 0-9615580-6-7

External links

KING 5

Essay on Dorothy Bullitt from Historylink

Category:Television stations in Seattle, Washington Category:NBC network affiliates Category:Belo Corporation Category:Channel 48 digital TV stations in the United States Category:Television channels and stations established in 1948 Category:Peabody Award winners

fr:KING-TV

This is a list of people whose names in English are commonly appended with the phrase "''the Great''", or who were called that or an equivalent phrase in their own language. Other languages have their own suffixes such as ''e Bozorg'' and ''e azam'' in Persian and Urdu respectively.

In Persia, the title "the Great" at first seems to be a colloquial version of the Old Persian title "Great King". This title was first used by the conqueror Cyrus II of Persia.

The Persian title was inherited by Alexander III of Macedon (336–323 BC) when he conquered the Persian Empire, and the epithet "Great" eventually became personally associated with him. The first reference (in a comedy by Plautus) assumes that everyone knew who "Alexander the Great" was; however, there is no earlier evidence that Alexander III of Macedon was called "''the Great''".

The early Seleucid kings, who succeeded Alexander in Persia, used "Great King" in local documents, but the title was most notably used for Antiochus the Great (223–187 BC).

Later rulers and commanders began to use the epithet "the Great" as a personal name, like the Roman general Pompey. Others received the surname retrospectively, like the Carthaginian Hanno and the Indian emperor Ashoka the Great. Once the surname gained currency, it was also used as an honorific surname for people without political careers, like the philosopher Albert the Great.

As there are no objective criteria for "greatness", the persistence of later generations in using the designation greatly varies. For example, Louis XIV of France was often referred to as "The Great" in his lifetime but is rarely called such nowadays, while Frederick II of Prussia is still called "The Great". A later Hohenzollern - Wilhelm I - was often called "The Great" in the time of his grandson Wilhelm II, but rarely later.

Rulers

Abbas I of Persia (1571-1629), Shah of Iran

Akbar (1542-1605), ruler of the Mughal Empire of South Asia, mainly India

Alain I of Albret (1440-1522), French aristocrat

Alexander the Great (356-323 BC), King of Macedonia, Persia, Greece, Egypt, and all of Mesopotamia

Alexander I of Georgia (1386–1446), King of Georgia

Alfonso III of León (c. 848-910), King of León, Galicia and Asturias

Alfred the Great (848/849-899), King of Wessex

Antiochus III the Great (c. 241–187 BC), ruler of the Seleucid Empire

Ashoka the Great (c. 304–232 BC), Indian emperor of the Maurya dynasty

Ashot I of Iberia “the Great”(died 826/830), presiding prince of Iberia (modern Georgia),

Askia Mohammad I (c. 1442–1538), ruler of the Songhai Empire

Bhumibol Adulyadej (born 1927), King of Thailand

Bolesław I Chrobry (967-1025), sometimes called "the Great", first King of Poland

Bruno the Great (925–965), Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia (also listed in the following section)

Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (1736-1809), founder and ruler of the Rattanakosin Kingdom (in what is now Thailand)

Cnut the Great (c. 985 or 995-1035), King of Denmark, England, Norway and parts of Sweden

Casimir III the Great (1310-1370), King of Poland

Catherine the Great (1729-1796), Empress of Russian

Chandragupta II (reigned 375-413/415), also known as Vikramaditya, ruler of the Gupta empire in India

Charlemagne (died 814), King of the Franks and Emperor of the Romans

Chulalongkorn (1853-1910), King of Siam (now Thailand)

Chlothar II (584-629), King of Neustria and King of the Franks

Conrad, Margrave of Meissen (c. 1097-1157), Margrave of Meissen

Constantine I (c. 272-337), Roman Emperor

Cyrus the Great (c. 600 BC or 576 BC–530 BC), founder and ruler of the Persian or Achaemenid Empire

Darius the Great (550 – 486 BC), third ruler of the Persian Empire

Devapala (died 850), ruler of the Pala Empire in the Indian subcontinent

Dionysius I, Greek tyrant of Syracuse

Ferdinand I of León and Castile (c. 1015–1065), King of León and Count of Castile

Frederick the Great (1712-1786), King of Prussia

Genghis Khan (1162?-1227), founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire

Gero (c. 900–965), ruler of Marca Geronis, a very large march in Europe

Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (1594-1632), King of Sweden, founder of the Swedish Empire, and noted military leader

Gwanggaeto the Great, King of Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea

Hanno the Great, the name of three leaders of Carthage, in the 4th, 3rd, and 2nd centuries BC

Henry I, Duke of Burgundy (946–1002)

Henry IV of France (1553-1610), King of France and King of Navarre

Herod the Great (73/74 BC-4 BC), King of Judea

Hugh the Great (898-956), Duke of the Franks and Count of Paris

Hugh Magnus of France (1007-1025), co-King of France

Hugh I, Count of Vermandois (1057-1101)

Humphrey I de Bohun (died c. 1123), Anglo-Norman aristocrat

Ivan III of Russia (1440-1505), Tsar of Russia

John I of Portugal (1358-1433), King of Portugal and the Algarve

John II of Aragon (1398-1479), King of Aragon and, through his wife, King of Navarre

Justinian I (483-565), Byzantine Emperor

Kamehameha I (c. 1758-1819), first King of Hawai'i

Kanishka (died c. 127), ruler of the Kushan Empire in Central Asia and parts of India

Kvirike III of Kakheti (1010-1029), King of Kakheti in eastern Georgia

Kublai Khan (1215-1294), Mongol ruler in the 13th century and Emperor of China; founder of the Yuan Dynasty

Llywelyn the Great (c. 1172–1240), Prince of Gwynedd and de facto ruler of most of Wales

Louis I of Hungary (1326-1382), King of Hungary, Croatia and Poland

Mangrai the Great (1238-1317), Lanna, northern Thailand

Emperor Meiji (1852-1912), Emperor of Japan

Mircea I of Wallachia (1355–1418)

Mithridates II of Parthia (died 88 BC), ruler of the Parthian Empire (in present day Iran)

Mithridates VI of Pontus (134 BC–63 BC), ruler of Pontus and the Bosporan Kingdom

Mstislav I of Kiev (1076-1132), Grand Prince of Kievan Rus

Narai (1633-1688), King of Ayutthaya (in what is now modern Thailand)

Naresuan (1555-1605), King of Ayutthaya

Odo the Great (died c. 735), Duke of Aquitaine

Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (912-973)

K'inich Janaab' Pakal (603-683), ruler of the Mayan city-state of Palenque

Parakramabahu I of Polonnaruwa (1123–1186), King of Sri Lanka

Peter Krešimir IV of Croatia (died 1075), King of Croatia

Peter the Great (1672-1725), Tsar of Russia

Peter III of Aragon (1239-1285), King of Aragon and King of Sicily

Pompey (106 BC-48 BC), military and political leader of the late Roman Republic, rival of Julius Caesar

Radama I (1793–1828), first king of greater Madagascar

Raja Raja Chola I (c. 947-1014), Indian emperor of the Cholas.

Rajendra Chola I (reigned 1014-1044), Tamil King of India

Ramesses II (reigned 1279 BC – 1213 BC), considered the greatest pharaoh of Ancient Egypt

Ram Khamhaeng (around 1237 to 1247-1298), King of Sukhothai (in present day Thailand)

Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona (1082-1131), also Count of Provence and various other counties

Rhodri the Great (c. 820–878), King of Gwynedd (in present day Wales)

Roman the Great (after 1160-1205), Grand Prince of Kiev

Samudragupta (c. 335–375), ruler of the Gupta empire in the Indian subcontinent

Sancho III of Navarre (c. 992-1035), King of Kingdom of Navarre

Sargon of Akkad (died c. 2215 BC), ruler of the Akkadian Empire

Sejong the Great (1397-1450), Korean king

Shapur II (309-379), king of the Sassanid Empire, Persia

Simeon I of Bulgaria (864/865-927), ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire

Stephen III of Moldavia (1433-1504), Prince of Moldavia (Romania)

Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia (c. 1308-1355), King of Serbia and Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks

Taksin (1734-1782), King of the Thonburi Kingdom (Thailand)

Timur (1336-1405), better known as Tamerlane, founder of the Timurid Dynasty

Theobald II, Count of Champagne (1090–1151), Count of Blois and of Chartres as Theobald IV, Count of Champagne and of Brie

Theodoric the Great (454-526), King of the Ostrogoths, regent of the Visigoths and a viceroy of the Byzantine Empire

Theodosius I (347-395), Roman emperor

Tigranes the Great (140-55 BC), Emperor of Armenia

Tiridates III of Armenia (285-339), King of Armenia

Umar (c. 586 to 590–644), second caliph of the Muslim Empire

Valdemar I of Denmark (1131-1182), King of Denmark

Valentinian I (364-375), Roman Emperor

Vladimir I of Kiev (c. 958-1015), ruler of Kievan Rus

Vytautas (c. 1350-1430), archduke of the Lithuanian Grand Duchy

William I, Count of Burgundy (1020-1087), Count of Burgandy and Mâcon

William V, Duke of Aquitaine (969-1030), also Count of Poitou

Xerxes I (519-465 BC), King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire (Persia)

Yu the Great (c. 2200-2100 BC), legendary ruler in ancient China

Religious figures

Abraham the Great of Kashkar (ca. 492-586), monk and saint of the Assyrian Church of the East

Abraham Kidunaia (died c. 366, hermit, priest, and Christian saint of Mesopotamia

Albertus Magnus (1193/1206–1280), medieval German philosopher and theologian

Anthony the Great (c. 251–356), early Christian saint of Egypt

Babai the Great (c. 551–628), Assyrian church leader

Basil of Caesarea (330-379), Greek bishop and theologian

Bruno the Great (925–965), Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia (also listed in the previous section)

Euthymius the Great (377-473), abbot and Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox saint

Gertrude the Great (1256-c. 1302), German Benedictine, mystic, theologian and Roman Catholic saint

Pope Gregory I (c. 540-604)

Hiyya the Great, 3rd-century rabbi, Palestine

Pope John Paul II (1920-2005)

Pope Leo I (c. 391 or 400-461)

Macarius of Egypt (c. 300-391), Egyptian hermit

Pope Nicholas I (c. 800-867)

Photius I of Constantinople (c. 810–c. 893), Eastern Orthodox saint and Patriarch of Constantinople

William of Maleval (died 1157), founder of the Catholic congregation of Williamites

Other

Beli Mawr, a figure in medieval Welsh literature and genealogies

Emmy the Great, folk singer

Matteo Rosso the Great, Roman politician and father of Pope Nicholas III

Prokop the Great, Hussite general in Bohemia

See also

Epithet

List of monarchs by nickname

List of nicknames of European Royalty and Nobility: G-I

James, son of Zebedee, also known as James the Greater, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus

Ajax (mythology), called Ajax the Greater

Notes

Category:Monarchs Great, List of people known as The Category:Greatest Nationals Category:Epithets

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name	Beatrix Potter
birth date	28 July 1866
birth place	Kensington, London, England
death date	December 22, 1943
death place	Near Sawrey, Cumbria, England
occupation	Children's author and illustrator
genre	Children's literature
notableworks	''The Tale of Peter Rabbit''
spouse	William Heelis }}

Helen Beatrix Potter (28 July 1866 – 22 December 1943) was an English author, illustrator, natural scientist and conservationist best known for her imaginative children’s books featuring animals such as those in ''The Tale of Peter Rabbit'' which celebrated the British landscape and country life.

Born into a privileged Unitarian family, Potter, along with her younger brother, Walter Bertram (1872–1918), grew up with few friends outside her large extended family. Her parents were artistic, interested in nature and enjoyed the countryside. As children, Beatrix and Bertam had numerous small animals as pets which they observed closely and drew endlessly. Summer holidays were spent in Scotland and in the English Lake District where Beatrix developed a love of the natural world which was the subject of her painting from an early age.

She was educated by private governesses until she was eighteen. Her study of languages, literature, science and history was broad and she was an eager student. Her artistic talents were recognized early. Although she was provided with private art lessons, Beatrix preferred to develop her own style, particularly favoring watercolor. Along with her drawings of her animals, real and imagined, Potter illustrated insects, fossils, archeological artifacts, and fungi. In the 1890s her mycological illustrations and research on the reproduction of fungi spores generated interest from the scientific establishment. Following some success illustrating cards and booklets, Potter wrote and illustrated ''The Tale of Peter Rabbit'' publishing it first privately in 1901, and a year later as a small, three-color illustrated book with Frederick Warne & Co. She became unofficially engaged to her editor Norman Warne in 1905 despite the disapproval of her parents, but he died suddenly a month later.

With the proceeds from the books and a legacy from an aunt, Potter bought Hill Top Farm in Near Sawrey, a tiny village in the English Lake District near Ambleside in 1905. Over the next several decades, she purchased additional farms to preserve the unique hill country landscape. In 1913, at the age of 47, she married William Heelis, a respected local solicitor from Hawkshead. Potter was also a prize-winning breeder of Herdwick sheep and a prosperous farmer keenly interested in land preservation. She continued to write, illustrate and design spin-off merchandise based on her children’s books for Warne until the duties of land management and diminishing eyesight made it difficult to continue. Beatrix Potter published over twenty-three books; the best known are those written between 1902 and 1922. Potter died on 22 December 1943 at her home in Near Sawrey at age 77, leaving almost all her property to the National Trust. She is credited with preserving much of the land that now comprises the Lake District National Park.

Potter’s books continue to sell throughout the world, in multiple languages. Her stories have been retold in song, film, ballet and animation.

Biography

Early life

Potter’s family on both sides was from the Manchester area. They were English Unitarians, a Dissenting Protestant sect who rejected the doctrine of the Trinity and were socially and politically discriminated against. Potter’s paternal grandfather, Edmund Potter, from Glossop in Derbyshire, owned the largest calico printing works in England at the time, and later served as a Member of Parliament. Beatrix’s father, Rupert William Potter (1832–1914), was educated in Manchester and trained as a barrister in London. He married Helen Leech (1839–1932), the daughter of another wealthy cotton merchant and shipbuilder from Stalybridge, at Gee Cross on 8 August 1863. Rupert practiced law, specializing in equity law and conveyancing. They lived comfortably at No. 2 Bolton Gardens, South Kensington, where Helen Beatrix was born on 28 July 1866 and her brother Walter Bertram on 14 March 1872. Both parents were artistically talented, and Rupert was an adept amateur photographer. Rupert had invested in the stock market and by the early 1890s was extremely wealthy.

Beatrix was educated by three able governesses, the last of whom was Annie Moore (''née'' Carter), just three years older than Beatrix, who tutored Beatrix in German as well as acting as lady's companion. She and Beatrix remained friends throughout their lives and Annie's eight children were the recipients of many of Potter’s delightful picture letters. It was Annie who later suggested that these letters might make good children’s books.

In their school room Beatrix and Bertram kept a variety of small pets, mice, rabbits, a hedgehog, some bats, along with collections of butterflies and other insects which they drew and studied. There is no evidence to support claims that any of these creatures were mistreated, or that the motive for their study was anything more sinister than natural curiosity and a desire to draw from life. Quite the contrary, Beatrix was devoted to the care of her small animals, often taking them with her on long holidays.

For most of the first fifteen years of her life, Beatrix spent summer holidays at Dalguise, an estate in Scotland in Perthshire on the River Tay. There she sketched and explored an area that nourished her imagination and her observation. Beatrix and her brother were allowed great freedoms in the country and both children became adept students of natural history. In 1887, when Dalguise was no longer available, the Potters took their first summer holiday in Lancashire in the English Lake District, at Wray Castle near Windermere. As a result, Beatrix came to meet Hardwicke Rawnsley, incumbent vicar at Wray and later the founding secretary of the National Trust, whose interest in the countryside and country life inspired the same in Beatrix and who was to have a lasting impact on her life.

About age 14 Beatrix, like many girls at the time, began to keep a diary. Potter’s was written in a code of her own devising which was a simple letter for letter substitution. Her ''Journal'' was an important laboratory for her creativity serving as both sketchbook and literary experiment where in tiny handwriting she reported on society, recorded her impressions of art and artists, recounted stories, and observed life around her. The ''Journal'', decoded and transcribed by Leslie Linder in 1958, does not provide an intimate record of her personal life, but it is an invaluable source for understanding a vibrant part of British society in the late 19th century. It describes Potter’s maturing artistic and intellectual interests, her often amusing insights on the places she visited, and her unusual ability to observe nature and to describe it. Begun in 1881, her Journal ends in 1897 when her artistic and intellectual energies were absorbed in scientific study and in efforts to publish her drawings. Precocious but reserved and often bored, she was searching for more independent activities and a desire to earn some money of her own whilst dutifully taking care of her parents, dealing with her especially demanding mother, and managing their various households.

Scientific illustrations and work in mycology

Beatrix Potter’s parents did not discourage higher education. As was common in the Victorian Era, women of her class were privately educated and rarely sent to college.

Beatrix Potter was interested in every branch of natural science save astronomy. Botany was a passion for most Victorians and nature study was a popular enthusiasm. Potter was eclectic in her tastes; collecting fossils, studying archeological artifacts from London excavations, and interested in entomology. In all of these areas she drew and painted her specimens with increasing skill. By the 1890s her scientific interests centered on mycology. First drawn to fungi because of their colors and evanescence in nature and her delight in painting them, her interest deepened after meeting Charles McIntosh, a revered naturalist and mycologist during a summer holiday in Perthshire in 1892. He helped improve the accuracy of her illustrations, taught her taxonomy, and supplied her with live specimens to paint during the winter. Curious as to how fungi reproduced Potter began microscopic drawings of fungi spores (the agarics) and in 1895 developed a theory of their germination. Through the aegis of her scientific uncle, Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe, a chemist and vice chancellor of the University of London, she consulted with botanists at The Royal Gardens at Kew, convincing George Massee of her ability to germinate spores and her theory of hybridization. She did not believe in the theory of symbiosis proposed by Simon Schwendener, the German mycologist as previously thought, rather she proposed a more independent process of reproduction.

Rebuffed by William Thiselton-Dyer, the Director at Kew, because of her gender and her amateur status, Beatrix wrote up her conclusions and submitted a paper “''On the Germination of the Spores of the Agaricineae''” to the Linnean Society in 1897. It was introduced by Massee because, as a female, Potter could not attend proceedings or read her paper. She subsequently withdrew it realizing that some of her samples were contaminated, but continued her microscopic studies for several more years. Her paper is lost and probably destroyed, and without it and her drawings, her discoveries can never be properly evaluated. Potter later gave her other mycological drawings and scientific drawings to the Armitt Museum and Library in Ambleside where mycologists still refer to them to identify fungi. There is also a collection of her fungi paintings at the Perth Museum and Art Gallery in Perth, Scotland given by Charles McIntosh. In 1967 the mycologist W.P.K. Findlay included many of Potter’s beautifully accurate fungi drawings in his ''Wayside & Woodland Fungi'', thereby fulfilling her desire to one day have her fungi drawings published in a book. In 1997 the Linnean Society issued a posthumous apology to Potter for the sexism displayed in its handling of her research.

Potter never offered a paper to the Royal Society, and she never lectured at the London School of Economics.

Artistic and literary career

Potter’s artistic and literary interests were deeply influenced by fairies, fairy tales and fantasy. She was a student of the classic fairy tales of Western Europe. As well as stories from the Old Testament, John Bunyan's ''The Pilgrim's Progress'' and Harriet Beecher Stowe's ''Uncle Tom's Cabin'', she grew up with ''Aesop’s Fables'', the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm and Hans Christian Andersen, Charles Kingsley's '' The Water Babies'', the folk tales and mythology of Scotland, the German Romantics, Shakespeare, and the romances of Sir Walter Scott. As a young child, before the age of eight, Edward Lear's ''Book of Nonsense'', including the much loved ''The Owl and the Pussycat'', and Lewis Carroll's '' Alice in Wonderland'' had made their impression, although she later said of ''Alice'' that she was more interested in Tenniel's illustrations than what they were about. The ''Brer Rabbit'' stories of Joel Chandler Harris had been family favourites and she later studied his ''Uncle Remus'' stories and illustrated them. She studied book illustration from a young age and developed her own tastes, but the work of the picture book triumvirate Walter Crane, Kate Greenaway and Randolph Caldecott, the latter an illustrator whose work was later collected by her father, was a great influence. When she started to illustrate, she chose first the traditional rhymes and stories, “Cinderella”, “Sleeping Beauty", “Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves”, “Puss-in-boots,” and “Red Riding Hood.” But most often her illustrations were fantasies featuring her own pets: mice, rabbits, kittens, and guinea pigs.

In her teenage years Potter was a regular visitor to the art galleries of London, particularly enjoying the Summer and Winter Exhibitions at the Royal Academy in London. Her ''Journal'' reveals her growing sophistication as a critic as well as the influence of her father’s friend the artist Sir John Everett Millais who recognized Beatrix’s talent of observation. Although Potter was aware of art and artistic trends, her drawing and her prose style was uniquely her own.

As a way to earn a bit of money in the 1890s, Beatrix and her brother began to print Christmas cards of their own design, as well as cards for special occasions. Mice and rabbits were the most frequent subject of her fantasy paintings. In 1890 the firm of Hildesheimer and Faulkner bought several of her drawings of her rabbit, Benjamin Bunny, to illustrate verses by Frederic Weatherly titled ''A Happy Pair''. In 1893 the same printer brought several more drawings for Weatherly’s ''Our Dear Relations'', another book of rhymes, and the following year Potter successfully sold a series of frog illustrations and verses for ''Changing Pictures'', a popular annual offered by the art publisher Ernest Nister. Potter was pleased by this success and determined to publish her own illustrated stories.

Whenever Potter went on holiday to the Lake District or Scotland, she sent letters to young friends illustrating them with quick sketches. Many of these letters were written to the children of her former governess Annie Carter Moore, particularly to her oldest son Noel who was often ill. In September 1893 Potter was on holiday at Eastwood in Dunkeld, Scotland. She had run out of things to say to Noel and so she told him a story about “four little rabbits whose names were Flopsy, Mopsy, Cottontail and Peter.” It became one of the most famous children’s letters ever written and the basis of Potter’s future career as a writer-artist-storyteller.

In 1901, Beatrix privately published her own edition of ''The Tale of Peter Rabbit''. It was drawn in black and white with a colored frontispiece. Over a year later Frederick Warne & Co. a commercial publisher agreed to publish it if she would redraw her illustrations in color. ''The Tale of Peter Rabbit'' appeared in 1902 and was an immediate success. It was followed the next year by ''The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin'' and ''The Tailor of Gloucester'' which had also first been written as picture letters to the Moore children. Working with Norman Warne as her editor, Potter published two or three little books each year for a total of twenty-three books. The last book in this format was ''Cecily Parsley's Nursery Rhymes'' in 1922, a collection of favorite rhymes. Although ''The Tale of Pigling Bland'' was not published until 1930, it had been written much earlier. Potter continued creating her little books until after World War I when her energies were increasingly directed toward her farming, sheep-breeding, and land conservation.

The immense popularity of Potter’s books was based on the lively quality of her illustrations, the non-didactic nature of her stories, the depiction of the rural countryside, and the imaginative qualities she lent to her animal characters.

Potter was also a canny businesswoman. As early as 1903 she made and patented a Peter Rabbit doll. It was followed by other “spin-off” merchandise over the years, including painting books, board games, wall-paper, figurines, baby blankets and china tea-sets. All were licensed by Frederick Warne & Co. and earned Potter an independent income as well as immense profits for her publisher.

In 1905, Beatrix and Norman Warne became unofficially engaged. Potters’ parents objected to the match because Warne was “in trade” and thus not socially suitable. Sadly the engagement lasted only one month when Warne died of leukemia at age thirty-seven. That same year Potter used some of her income and a bit of inheritance to buy Hill Top Farm in Near Sawrey in Lancashire (now Cumbria) in the English Lake District. Beatrix and Norman may have hoped that Hill Top Farm would be their holiday home, but after Norman’s death Beatrix went ahead with its purchase as she had always wanted to own that farm and live in that charming village.

Country life

Fell farming

Hill Top Farm in the village of Near Sawrey was a working farm of just over 34 acres. It comprised a seventeenth-century farmhouse, outbuildings, orchard, vegetable gardens, and enclosures. Potter asked the tenant farmer John Cannon and his family to stay on to manage the farm for her while she made physical improvements to the farmhouse and areas of the land and gardens that had been neglected. With Cannon she toured the neighboring villages and farms to learn the techniques of fell farming and of raising livestock, including pigs, cows and chickens; the following year she added sheep. Realizing she needed to protect her boundaries she sought advice from W.H. Heelis & Son, a local firm of solicitors with offices in nearby Hawkshead. With William Heelis acting for her she bought contiguous pasture, and in 1909 the 20 acre Castle Farm across the road from Hill Top Farm. Visiting Hill Top every chance she got, Potter’s books written during this period, such as ''The Tale of Ginger and Pickles'', about the local shop in Near Sawrey and ''The Tale of Mrs. Tittlemouse'', a wood mouse, reflect her increasing participation in village life and her delight in country living.

Owning and managing these working farms required the routine collaboration with the widely respected William Heelis. By the summer of 1912 Heelis had proposed marriage and Beatrix had accepted, although she did not immediately tell her parents who once again disapproved because Heelis was only a country solicitor. Beatrix and William were married on 15 October 1913 in London at St. Mary Abbots in Kensington. The couple moved immediately to Near Sawrey, residing at Castle Cottage, the renovated farm house on Castle Farm. Hill Top remained a working farm but now remodeled to allow for the tenant family and Beatrix’s private studio and work shop. At last her own person, Beatrix Heelis settled into the partnerships that shaped the rest of her life: her country solicitor husband and his large family, her farms, the Sawrey community and the predictable rounds of country life. ''The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck'' and ''The Tale of Tom Kitten'' are representative of Hill Top Farm and of her farming life, and reflect her happiness with her country life.

After Rupert Potter died in 1914, Beatrix, now a wealthy woman, found Lindeth Howe, a large house in nearby Windermere where her difficult mother lived until her death in 1931 at the age of 93. Beatrix continued to write stores for Frederick Warne, but she fully participated in country life. She established a Nursing Trust for local villages, and served on various committees and councils responsible for foot-paths and other country life issues.

Sheep farming

Beatrix Potter Heelis became keenly interested the breeding and raising of Herdwick sheep, the indigenous fell sheep, soon after acquiring Hill Top Farm. In 1923 she bought a former deer park and vast sheep farm in the Troutbeck Valley called Troutbeck Park Farm, restoring its land, its thousands of Herdwick sheep, and establishing Beatrix Potter Heelis as one of the major Herdwick sheep farmers in the area. She was admired by her shepherds and farm managers for her willingness to experiment with the latest biological remedies for the common diseases of sheep, and for her employment of the best shepherds, sheep breeders, and farm managers.

By the late 1920s Beatrix and her Hill Top farm manager Tom Storey had made a name for their prize-winning Herdwick flock. As a Herdwick breeder she won many prizes at the local agricultural shows and was frequently asked to serve as a judge. In 1942 she was named President-elect of The Herdwick Sheepbreeders’ Association, the first time a woman had ever been elected to that office. She died before taking office.

Lake District conservation

Beatrix had been a disciple of the land conservation and preservation ideals of her long-time friend and mentor, Canon Hardwicke Rawnsley, the first secretary and founding member of the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty. She supported the efforts of the National Trust to preserve not just the places of extraordinary beauty, but those heads of valley and low grazing lands that would be irreparably ruined by development. She was also an authority on the traditional Lakeland crafts, period furniture and stonework. She restored and preserved the farms that she bought or managed, making sure that each farm house had in it a piece of antique Lakeland furniture. Beatrix was interested in preserving not only the Herdwick sheep, but the way of life of fell farming. In 1930 the Heelises became partners with the National Trust in buying and managing the fell farms included in the large Monk Coniston Estate. It was composed of many farms spread over a wide area of western Lancashire, including the famously beautiful Tarn Hows. Beatrix became the de facto estate manage for the Trust for seven years until the National Trust could afford to buy most of the property back from her. Her stewardship of these farms earned her wide regard, but she was not without her critics. She was notable in observing the problems of afforestation, preserving the in-take grazing lands, and husbanding the quarries and timber on these farms. All her farms were stocked with Herdwick sheep and frequently with Galloway cattle.

Later life

Beatrix continued to write stories and to draw, though mostly for her own pleasure. Her books in the late 1920s included the semi-autobiographical ''The Fairy Caravan'', a fanciful tale set in her beloved Troutbeck fells. It was published only in the US during Potter’s lifetime, and not until 1952 in the UK. ''Sister Anne'', Potter’s version of the story of Bluebeard was written especially for her American readers but illustrated by Katharine Sturges. A final folktale, ''Wag by Wall'', was published posthumously by ''The Horn Book'' in 1944. Beatrix was a generous patron of the Girl Guides whose troops she allowed to make their summer encampments on her lands and whose company she enjoyed as an older woman.

Beatrix and William Heelis enjoyed a happy marriage of thirty years, continued their farming and preservation efforts throughout the hard days of the Second World War. Although they were childless, Beatrix played an important role in William’s large family, particularly enjoying her relationship with several nieces whom she helped educate and giving comfort and aid to her husband’s brothers and sisters.

Beatrix died of complications from pneumonia and heart disease on December 22, 1943 at Castle Cottage. She left nearly all her property to The National Trust, including over 4,000 acres of land, cottages, herds of Herdwick sheep and cattle and sixteen farms. Hers was the largest gift to that time to the National Trust and enabled the preservation of the lands now included in the Lake District National Park, and the continuation of fell farming. William Heelis continued his stewardship of their properties and of her literary and artistic work for the eighteen months he survived her. His estate left the remainder to the National Trust. Heelis died in August 1945.

Legacies

Beatrix left almost all the original illustrations for her books to the National Trust. The copyright to her stories and merchandise was given to her publisher Frederick Warne and Company, now a division of the Penguin Group. Hill Top Farm was opened to the public by the National Trust in 1946 and displayed her artwork there until 1985 when it was moved to William Heelis’s former law offices in Hawkshead, also owned by the National Trust as the Beatrix Potter Gallery.

Beatrix gave her folios of mycological drawings to The Armitt Library and Museum in Ambleside before her death. ''The Tale of Peter Rabbit'' is owned by Frederick Warne and Company, ''The Tailor of Gloucester'' by the Tate Gallery, and ''The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies'' by the British Museum.

The largest public collection of her letters and drawings is the Leslie Linder Bequest and Leslie Linder Collection at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. In the United States, the largest public collections are those in the Special Collections of the Free Library of Philadelphia, and the Lloyd Cotsen Children’s Library at Princeton University.

Themes

There are many interpretations of Potter’s literary work, the sources of her art, and interpretations of her life and times. Please see bibliography for some of the many critical evaluations of her opus of children’s literature, including Modernist interpretations of Humphrey Carpenter and Katherine Chandler. Judy Taylor, ''That Naughty Rabbit: Beatrix Potter and Peter Rabbit'', rev. 2002 tells the story of the first publication and many editions. Literary criticism is included in detail in the bibliographies of various biographical works, specialized treatments and exhibit catalogues.

Potter’s country life and her farming has also been widely discussed in the work of Susan Denyer and by other authors in the publications of The National Trust. The publications of the Beatrix Potter Society are essential scholarship.

Potter’s work as a scientific illustrator and her work in mycology is highlighted in several chapters in Linda Lear, ''Beatrix Potter: A Life in Nature'', 2007; ''Beatrix Potter: The Extraordinary Life of a Victorian Genius''. 2008, UK.

Adaptations and fictionalizations

In 1971 a ballet film, The Tales of Beatrix Potter, directed by Reginald Mills was released . Set to music by John Lanchbery with choreography by Frederick Ashton and performed in character costume by members of the Royal Ballet and the Royal Opera House orchestra. The ballet of the same name has been performed by other dance companies around the world.

In 1982, the BBC produced ''The Tale of Beatrix Potter''. This dramatisation of her life was written by John Hawkesworth and directed by Bill Hayes. It starred Holly Aird and Penelope Wilton as the young and adult Beatrix respectively.

In 2006 Chris Noonan directed ''Miss Potter'', a biopic of Potter’s life focusing on her early career and romance with her editor Norman Warne. Renee Zellweger and Ewan McGregor play the title roles.

2004 – 2011 Beatrix Potter is also featured in a series of light mysteries called ''The Cottage Tales of Beatrix Potter'' by Susan Wittig Albert. The eight books in the series starting with the ''Tale of Hill Top Farm'' (2004) deal with her life in the Lake District and the village of Near Sawrey between 1905 and 1913.

Publications

The 23 Tales

''The Tale of Peter Rabbit'' (1902)

''The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin'' (1903)

''The Tailor of Gloucester'' (1903)

''The Tale of Benjamin Bunny'' (1904)

''The Tale of Two Bad Mice'' (1904)

''The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle'' (1905)

''The Tale of the Pie and the Patty-Pan'' (1905)

''The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher'' (1906)

''The Story of A Fierce Bad Rabbit'' (1906)

''The Story of Miss Moppet'' (1906)

''The Tale of Tom Kitten'' (1907)

''The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck'' (1908)

''The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or, The Roly-Poly Pudding'' (1908)

''The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies'' (1909)

''The Tale of Ginger and Pickles'' (1909)

''The Tale of Mrs. Tittlemouse'' (1910)

''The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes'' (1911)

''The Tale of Mr. Tod'' (1912)

''The Tale of Pigling Bland'' (1913)

''Appley Dapply's Nursery Rhymes'' (1917)

''The Tale of Johnny Town-Mouse'' (1918)

''Cecily Parsley's Nursery Rhymes'' (1922)

''The Tale of Little Pig Robinson'' (1930)

Other books

''Peter Rabbit's Painting Book'' (1911)

''Tom Kitten's Painting Book'' (1917)

''Jemima Puddle-Duck's Painting Book'' (1925)

''Peter Rabbit's Almanac for 1929'' (1928)

''The Fairy Caravan'' (1929)

''Sister Anne'' (illustrated by Katharine Sturges) (1932)

''Wag-by-Wall'' (decorations by J. J. Lankes) (1944)

''The Tale of the Faithful Dove'' (illustrated by Marie Angel) (1955, 1970)

''The Sly Old Cat'' (written 1906; first published 1971)

References

Further reading

;Letters, journals and writing collections

Potter, Beatrix. (rev. 1989). ''The Journal of Beatrix Potter, 1881–1897'', transcribed from her code writings by Leslie Linder. F. Warne & Co. ISBN 978-0723236252

;Art studies

;Biographical studies

External links

Beatrix Potter’s fossils and her interest in geology - B. G. Gardiner

(plain text and HTML)

Collection of Potter materials at Victoria and Albert Museum

Beatrix Potter online feature at the University of Pittsburgh School of Information Sciences

Beatrix Potter in Cumbria

Beatrix Potter Society, UK

Beatrix Potter's World

Frederick Warne and Company

Beatrix Potter, A Life in Nature

Category:Articles with inconsistent citation formats Category:1866 births Category:1943 deaths Category:19th-century artists Category:19th-century English people Category:19th-century writers Category:Children's book illustrators Category:English botanists Category:English children's writers Category:English conservationists Category:English illustrators Category:English mycologists Category:English Unitarians Category:English watercolourists Category:English women writers Category:Fabulists Category:People from Kensington Category:People of the Edwardian era Category:Scientific illustrators Category:Women botanists Category:Women of the Victorian era Category:Writers who illustrated their own writing

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